The region of Jammu and Kashmir has been a focal point of historical, political and social discussions due to its complex past and present-day realities. While India-administered Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir share geographical similarities, their political governance, economic development and quality of life differ significantly. J&K, a union territory of India since 2019, functions under India’s democratic framework. The region has a constitutional setup with elected representatives and governance under Indian law. Following the abrogation of Article 370, residents of J&K have gained the same rights as other Indian citizens, including access to national laws, education and employment opportunities.
POK, officially called “Azad Jammu and Kashmir” by Pakistan, is not an independent entity. While Pakistan claims it has autonomy, the region is effectively. controlled by Islamabad. The political leadership lacks true autonomy and governance decisions are often influenced by Pakistan’s federal authorities and military. The people in POJK face restrictions on political freedom, protests and freedom of speech, with reports of suppression against activists demanding greater autonomy. J&K benefits from India’s growing educational and healthcare infrastructure. Government initiatives have expanded access to quality education, including new universities, colleges and skill development programs. Healthcare facilities have also improved, with AIIMS and other medical institutions enhancing services for the local population.
POK lags behind in education and healthcare. Many educational institutions suffer from inadequate facilities and lack of investment. Healthcare services remain poor, with residents often traveling to Pakistan for treatment. The absence of modern hospitals and medical resources contributes to a lower quality of life. J&K has witnessed increasing infrastructural development, particularly after the revocation of Article 370. The Indian government has focused on building roads, railways, educational institutions and industries. The tourism sector, a key part of the economy, is being revived with improved security measures. Additionally, investments in agriculture, technology and handicrafts provide employment opportunities.
In contrast, POK remains underdeveloped, with limited infrastructure and economic opportunities. Despite its natural resources, including hydropower potential, the economic benefits are largely redirected to mainland Pakistan. The region lacks major industries and employment opportunities are scarce, leading to migration to other parts of Pakistan for work. The lack of economic investment has resulted in poor living standards for many residents. Despite occasional security challenges, J&K enjoys press freedom and the right to dissent under India’s democratic system. Citizens can criticize the government, engage in political debates and access independent journalism. Human rights organizations operate within the region, monitoring and reporting on any violations.
In POK, freedom of speech is heavily restricted. Any criticism of the Pakistani establishment, military, or policies regarding Kashmir is met with severe repression. Activists demanding rights or questioning governance are often arrested, harassed, or silenced. Media is controlled and independent journalism faces significant challenges. J&K is internationally recognized as part of India, attracting tourists from across the world. The scenic beauty of places like Srinagar, Gulmarg and Pahalgam draws visitors, boosting the local economy. India has focused on tourism promotion, improving security and building infrastructure to support the industry. Tourism in POK remains underdeveloped and largely restricted. The region does not attract international visitors due to poor infrastructure, security concerns and limited global recognition. The Pakistani government also controls access, limiting the flow of tourists and journalists.
While both regions share a common cultural and geographical heritage, their contrasting governance models have led to vastly different living conditions. J&K, under India’s democratic framework, enjoys better infrastructure, education, healthcare and economic opportunities. In contrast, POJK struggles with political suppression, economic stagnation and lack of fundamental rights, highlighting the stark differences in governance and development between the two regions
