The Rig Vedic society celebrated and appreciated women, but discrimination emerged in the later Vedic period, particularly concerning education and other rights. The prevalence of child marriage, Sati, polygamy, and the purdah system further diminished women’s status. In contrast, an exploration of ancient Kashmir reveals a dynamic history where women played pivotal roles in political administration, religious ceremonies and cultural festivities. Texts like the Nilmata, Rajatarangini, and the writings of scholars such as Bilhana provide evidence of the empowerment of women, showcasing its integral role in the cultural tapestry of ancient Kashmir.
In ancient Kashmir, women held significant roles marked by both recognition and constraints. Women from upper castes and affluent families contributed notably to family and community well-being, engaging in education, teaching, and administrative roles. Despite opportunities, they faced challenges such as illiteracy, forced child marriage, polygamy, and dependency on male family members. The economic status of women correlated with their overall status, tying into their rights and contributions to economic activities.
The Nilmata, the oldest text of Kashmir, highlights women’s active participation in festivals and religious ceremonies, challenging societal norms. Women were seen alongside their families, partaking in celebrations and feasts. The text personifies rivers as goddesses, emphasizing the prominence of female deities in Kashmir’s religion. Education played a crucial role in shaping the status of women in early Kashmir. While women of upper castes received a broad education, including diplomacy and statecraft, there were disparities among lower castes. The joint family system was prevalent, and women engaged in diverse skills such as botany, painting, needlework, and music.
Marriage held immense significance in a woman’s life, determining her fate. Child marriages were not explicitly mentioned in Kalhana’s Rajatarangini, and marriages often occurred after puberty. Inter-caste marriages were present, showcasing societal diversity. The practice of dowry was not explicitly discussed, hinting at its potential existence in a voluntary form. Property rights for women improved over time, with widows inheriting immovable properties. By the 12th century, women’s share in their husband’s property was restored to an extent equal to that of their sons. The breakdown of central authority, foreign invasions, and the weakening moral fabric of society contributed to these changes.
Despite the positive aspects, the status of women began to deteriorate by the 12th century. Female infanticide was uncommon, but historical evidence suggested a preference for sons over daughters. Instances of immorality and laxity in character among certain classes of women were noted, with prostitution becoming prevalent in society. Women in early Kashmir played significant roles in politics, surprising for the time. Queens like Yasovati, Sugandha, and Didda actively shaped political history. Didda, in particular, ruled Kashmir effectively for about half a century, showcasing political acumen despite her controversial character.
The status of women in early Kashmir was dynamic, marked by both progress and challenges. While women enjoyed prominent roles in family, religion, and politics, societal norms and evolving circumstances presented obstacles. The complex interplay of factors shaped the multifaceted experiences of women in ancient Kashmir.
