On July 2, 1972, in the aftermath of the Bangladesh Liberation War, India and Pakistan signed the Simla Agreement, a diplomatic endeavour aimed at charting a new course of peaceful coexistence between two nuclear-armed neighbours. It was a significant attempt to move past the scars of war and lay down a mutually agreeable framework for conflict resolution. Ratified by both nations on July 28 and brought into effect on August 4, 1972, the agreement sought to reshape Indo-Pak relations on the principle of bilateralism and mutual respect for sovereignty, territorial integrity, and non-interference.
Yet, fifty-three years on, the promise of Simla remains largely unfulfilled, primarily due to Pakistan’s selective interpretations and its continued failure to abide by the principles it had once signed onto.
From Karachi to Simla: A Shift in Diplomatic Geometry
Before Simla, the 1949 Karachi Agreement had delineated the Ceasefire Line in Jammu and Kashmir under UN auspices. However, following the wars of 1965 and 1971, both initiated by Pakistan, the need arose for a more robust and direct bilateral mechanism. The Simla Agreement replaced the Ceasefire Line with the Line of Control (LoC), explicitly stating that neither side would unilaterally alter its status, and that disputes would be resolved exclusively through bilateral means.
The language of the Agreement is unambiguous: “In order to initiate the process of the establishment of durable peace, both the governments agree that the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations shall govern the relations between the two countries.” It also emphasizes that “the two countries are resolved to settle their differences by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations.” These clauses essentially ruled out third-party intervention an aspect Pakistan has repeatedly disregarded by internationalising the Kashmir issue at various forums, including the United Nations and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
Violations and Contradictions: A Diplomatic Dilemma
Despite being a signatory to Simla Agreement, Pakistan has repeatedly acted in violation of its core tenets. In 1999, under the military leadership of General Pervez Musharraf, Pakistan launched the Kargil incursion, an operation that blatantly disregarded the sanctity of the LoC and the spirit of bilateralism. The Kargil War claimed the lives of 527 Indian soldiers and injured more than 1300, Pakistan, however never released an official figure. This act reasserted that peace remained hostage to adventurist military doctrines in Pakistan.
Even more troubling is Pakistan’s consistent support for cross-border terrorism. According to data from India’s Ministry of Home Affairs, over 40,000 civilians and security personnel have been killed in Jammu and Kashmir since the insurgency began in 1989, a phenomenon heavily fuelled by Pakistan’s strategic patronage of extremist groups like Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Hizbul Mujahideen. In 2022 alone, Indian security forces neutralised over 180 militants, with intelligence revealing continued infiltration attempts across the LoC, efforts largely guided and funded by Pakistani handlers.
Despite these breaches, Pakistan frequently calls upon India to honour the Karachi Agreement of 1949, a position that appears diplomatically inconsistent. The Karachi Agreement was replaced in its entirety by the Simla framework, making such references not just outdated but a deliberate strategy to dilute the sanctity of bilateralism enshrined in Simla.
Abrogation of Article 370: A New Chapter in Kashmir
In August 2019, the Indian Parliament abrogated Article 370, which granted special status to Jammu and Kashmir, integrating it fully with the Indian Union. The decision, upheld by the Supreme Court in 2023, marked a pivotal shift in India’s internal constitutional framework. Contrary to external criticism, the move was constitutional and within the sovereign purview of the Indian Parliament, a position consistent with the non-interference clause of the Simla Agreement.
Since then, the Union Government has made sustained efforts to bring peace and development to the region. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs, terror incidents in Jammu and Kashmir have dropped by over 60% between 2018 and 2023. Tourist arrivals have seen an unprecedented surge, with 2.1 crore visitors recorded in 2023 alone, bringing new economic vitality to the Valley. Infrastructure investments, such as the Chenab Bridge, the world’s highest railway bridge are symbols of India’s commitment to transforming the region from a conflict zone into a development corridor.
Moreover, democratic decentralisation has taken root through the conduct of Panchayat and DDC (District Development Council) elections, empowering grassroots governance mechanisms for the first time in decades.
India’s Consistent Stand: Peace Through Bilateralism
India has consistently reiterated its commitment to the Simla Agreement, even in the face of provocations. New Delhi’s position has remained that all outstanding issues, including J&K, must be addressed bilaterally, without external mediation. This stand has found quiet yet significant support among many global players who view regional stability in South Asia as crucial to global security.
In contrast, Pakistan’s efforts to bring the Kashmir issue into international forums have seen diminishing returns. At the United Nations, only a handful of countries, most with direct strategic alignments with Islamabad have echoed its concerns. The broader international community has largely urged dialogue, and not intervention, underscoring the relevance of Simla’s bilateral framework.
A Time for Reflection, Not Regression
The Simla Agreement was not merely a ceasefire pact; it was a moral and political commitment to peace. Yet, the durability of any agreement lies not in the signatures it bears but in the sincerity with which it is honoured. Pakistan’s recurring attempts to revive the Karachi Agreement while simultaneously violating the Simla framework reflect a selective and self-serving approach to diplomacy.
If the subcontinent is to move beyond its tragic cycles of conflict, both nations must honour the foundational principles of peaceful dialogue and mutual respect. India, for its part, continues to uphold its obligations under the Simla Agreement. It is time Pakistan re-reads the document it once signed, not merely as a historical artefact but as a living promise to its own people, and to the region at large.
Towards a Future of Peace
As Jammu and Kashmir stands at a transformative crossroads, with peace, democracy, and development gradually gaining ground, it is essential that diplomatic commitments are not viewed as mere instruments of convenience. The Simla Agreement, at 53, is not obsolete; rather, it is a compass still pointing towards regional peace. But for it to function, both hands must be steady, India’s has been, and remains so. The onus now rests on Pakistan to match intent with action.
[The writer is a native of Jammu and Kashmir, a legal academic with a PhD in Law, working at the intersection of gender justice, public policy, and national security. She is presently serving as Assistant Professor in Law at Amity University, Noida. Her writings aim to integrate inclusive governance with strategic policymaking. She regularly writes on national defence, legal dimensions, internal threats, and gendered dimensions of security. She can be reached at sunandini.arun@gmail.com.]
